Tata Ace- Case Study

Advertising STRATEGIES ASSIGNMENT â€Å"TATA ACE† CASE STUDY 1) Why do we feel Tata Motors was focusing on LCV (Light Commercial Vehicle) portion under business section for TATA ACE? †††Better thruway frameworks like the Golden Quadrilateral implied that Commercial vehicles in 45+ Tons could convey mass burdens covering huge separations in shorter time and at lower per ton per km cost. Government additionally approached the assignment of improving street arrange between medium estimated urban communities and furthermore assembling all climate tertiary street organize covering provincial towns-just littler and tough vehicles could work on these streets ( Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadhak Yojana).Increased clog and contamination in the greater part of the urban areas constrained the administration to control the development of Large/Heavy trucks (bigger than four tons) in the urban areas. Goodbye engines considered the above essential factors in deciding the requireme nt for enormous business vehicles for the expressways and littler sub 4 Ton classification business vehicle for working on both Inter city/Town and Intra city street network.Ruling out the chance of growing huge business vehicles because of the significant expense of improvement and dreading loss of incomes from their specialty standard size truck portion, Tata engines chose to create TATA ACE focusing on the Light Commercial Vehicle Segment. Additionally helping their choice procedure were some key approach activities: †Discouraging the utilization of Old. Contaminating and uneconomical vehicles Scrapping of >15 years old vehicles Ban on over-burdening of vehicle. ) Highlight the Key result of Market Research which was directed before propelling TATA ACE and do we think there was a hole which can be tended to by a Product like TATA ACE? Statistical surveying including meeting of more than 4000 truck and three wheeler administrators over the length and expansiveness of the n ation featured the accompanying needs, however there was an area which opined that even a three wheeler under TATA flag would be invited by the market: (I) Owning cost of the vehicle ought not surpass INR 200,000/(ii) Fuel Efficiency. Diminish â€Å"per ton per km† cost. iii) Maneuverability of three wheeler yet with more elevated level of a. Wellbeing b. Solidness c. Toughness d. Unwavering quality e. Higher payload f. Solace of a four wheeled truck. (iv) And at last â€Å"Personal Motivation† to drive a four wheeler to upgrade the status of administrators in the general public and in this way make transportation business visionaries . Goodbye Motors tended to all the key necessities of the market with TATA ACE, A four wheeler with practical estimating, Fuel Efficient motor, pay heap of 1750 kgs and implicit security highlights including upgraded comfort. ) How was Segmentation and Targeting accomplished for TATA ACE? As a Functional division, Tata engines concluded t hat the ACE would address the range of LCV to move 750 †1500 kgs more than 100-200 kms and position it between the Rickshaws/Cart and Pick up trucks; meeting the practical needs of various clients. They likewise further sectioned this utilitarian divided clients into four gatherings viz. , †Performance touchy (7%) o Interested in status, Brand picture and speed o Willing to address greater expenses for highlights Current proprietors/administrators of bigger SUVs or vehicles. †Balanced point of view (25%) o Return on Investment o Comfort and highlights o Owners †Entrepreneurs o Purchasing three wheeler, because of nonattendance of another option. †Return on Investment touchy (55%) o Per Ton per Km cost o No incentive for Non-money related buy contemplations o Generally armada proprietors/administrators who recruited drivers †Acquisition cost compelled (13%) o Lacked credit o Could not manage the cost of for somewhat costly vehicles. o Prefer three wheele rFinally they recognized a gathering that couldn't bear the cost of any mechanized vehicle; utilizing bullock and pony trucks, cycle carts, manual draw trucks. Anyway this gathering after some time can go up and be a TATA ACE client. In view of practical and client division and furthermore considering expected development of the market , TATA Motors evaluated and focused on: †45% of the ACE’s clients intending to buy 3 Wheeler †15% from potential pickup and LCV buyers †and 40% from first time CV buyers. 4) Explain the Marketing Mix 4P's [Product, Price, Place, Promotion] procedure adjusted for TATA ACE?Product: TATA ACE was intended to address three significant client needs as far as item ie. , †Overloading capacity †2 chamber water cooled motor, in view of the demonstrated Indica diesel motor †Safety, Comfort and tasteful contemplations Price: Though the cost clearly was higher at ' 225,000 as against ' 100,000-200,000, they tended to the Per to n per km cost. Goodbye Ace would cost Rs. 6. 70 for conveying one ton of merchandise over per km as against '7. 88, their closest rival could offer and section normal of ' 8. 54. Place:Tata engines chose to turn out in stage starting with 5 states in Western and Southern pieces of India; where the interest for three wheelers were high. They likewise benchmarked circulation arrange against two and three wheeler vendor organize. In view of the information, they grew new vendor design called 1S (Sales), as against conventional 3S business arrange. Each current Tata Motors 3S Dealer (Sales, Service and Spares) was required to set up 8 to 20 1S places in their locale and staff them with existing representatives. Inside 3 months 300 new appropriation focuses were set up.Promotion: Tata engines utilized both Print and TV media to position and advance the item. †Chota Hathi †Symbol of Power, Reliability and â€Å"Mini† item A kid racing to class, Wife seeing off for the aft ernoon, Off to Work in Tata Ace and Going to School in Tata Ace. Likewise their situating proclamations viz. , o India’s first Mini truck o Small is Big o Stability and Trust of large truck o Economic freedom o Feel great about hit o Transportation at the last mile 5) What is the present pattern of TATA ACE. Who are their rivals and propose a future advances taken for TATA ACE?Present day contenders are : †Mahindra Gio †Mahindra Maxximo †Piagio Ape Mini Truck Force Trump Minidor. A couple of steps proposed for TATA ACE to keep on being the top vender are: †Continue to advance and ring in changes to make the vehicle more eco-friendly. Increment motor torque to exhibit execution in bumpy areas Continue to control expenses and offer serious cost to clients Increase Go Green activity with increment in ENG and Electric drive variations Target send out market forcefully; with the two highlights and better valuing.

Comparative Analysis of FM Stations Pakistan Essay Example

Similar Analysis of FM Stations Pakistan Essay Example Similar Analysis of FM Stations Pakistan Essay Similar Analysis of FM Stations Pakistan Essay RADIO: Unique: For the purpose of our task that is to canvas FM 101, 103 and 107 telecom we have adjusted all these three FM and tuned in to it by going past from a quiet audience to an examiner. For this reason we have watch out for their projects, method of discussing RJs and DJs, utilization of vehicle for passing on message that is language, kind of music, news inclusion, etc. While during this time of our tuning in of these FM we can undoubtedly investigate that by giving quality and assortment to its audience members through one of a kind projects it has built up its place as an audience members first hoice in an extremely limited ability to focus time. Additionally the abundance of data and sweet music providing food the assorted tastes of its audience members. Here we similarly give the outline of each of the three FM stations. Presentation: Radio was from the outset known as remote, and it turned into a significant overall methods for correspondence. A radio alludes to an electronic gadget that works by getting radio wave (an electromagnetic wave) that has the ability to communicate news, discourse, music and other sound through the air. It is a mechanism of correspondence. It is a compact gadget which was concocted by Marconi the incomparable Italian researcher. Freestyle radio is an artistic expression. The wireless transmissions are the vacant canvas, the maker is the craftsman, and the sound is the paint. Julius Lester Radio is an interesting medium among the different mass correspondence media on account of its uncommon attributes. In the event that we contrast it with different broad communications, radio reliably positions as the most well known methods for scattering data, paying little mind to the landmass. It is additionally viable in illuminating the individuals as well as engages audience members and makes mindfulness with respect to numerous social issues and requirement for social transformation. It keeps on being as pertinent and powerful as it was in the arly years notwithstanding the development of progressively captivating media. RADIO WAVES: Radio waves transmit music, discussions, pictures and information undetectably through the air, frequently more than a great many miles it happens each day in a large number of various ways! Despite the fact that radio waves are imperceptible and totally imperceptible to people, they have completely changed society. Regardless of whether we are discussing a mobile phone, an infant screen, a cordless telephone or any of the a huge number of different remote advancements, every one of them utilize radio waves to impart. Here are Just a couple of the regular advancements that rely upon radio waves: AM and FM radio stations Cordless telephones. Rundown OF RADIO CHANNELS IN PAKISTAN: Radio Pakistan AM 820 Karachi City FM 89 Karachi Radio ONE FM 91 Karachi Radio FM 93 ( BY Radio Pakistan) Planet FM 94(By Radio Pakistan) Radio FM IOI(BY Radio Pakistan) Radio Active FM 96 Karachi Ziauddin University FM 98. 2 Karachi(Campus Radio) Josh FM 99 Karachi/Lahore FM 100 Karachi Mast FM 103 Karachi HOT FM 105 Karachi HUM FM 106. 2 Karachi ZAB FM 106. Karachi Apna Karachi FM 107 Open INTEREST IN FM RADIO: Despite the fact that, TV has totally eclipsed its forerunner as a telecom station, still the quantities of radio audience members is tremendously developing over he years. Notwithstanding the regularly developing number of TV stations radio to date is viewed as probably the quickest mean of data. The portability of radio through vehicles, PDAs and other electronic contraptions has helped in expanded number of radio audience members bringing about thorough rivalry between radio channels. All the endeavors of radio channels are towards pulling in enormous listenership for their FM systems. Regardless of whether you are stuck at a congested road or you are feeling alone at your home one can generally tune into FM and be refreshed with the most recent data in legislative issues, design, wellbeing, instruction, climate and so forth. FM 101 : In October 1998 Radio Pakistan began FM transmission from Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore under the title of FM 101 only for amusement. It was propelled as the partner of FM 100 as the Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) specialists needed to capitalize on the radio blast themselves as well, dreading imposing business model of a private direct in such manner. During the prior occasions, FM 101 kept up a position of safety and didnt pulled in much audience transport, at any rate not to start with as the strategies utilized were unrefined and obsolete, much like that of Radio Pakistan itself. With the dispatch of FM 101 International, the channel increased an upper edge nd today is by all accounts winning the race as FMIOO experiences a genuine money related emergency. It Network is spread around 9 urban areas of Pakistan rundown of the urban areas are Islamabad, Lahore, Multan, Karachi, Quetta, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Sialkot, Peshawar, and Sargodha. Additionally FM 101 s transmission is accessible on Asia sat 3 and furthermore on the web. SHOWS LIST OF FM 101 : S. NO ANCHORS NAME SHOWS RIZWAN ALI AHMED HOWZ THAT 2 RJ MEHAK GOOD EVENING 101 6PM 3 RJ FAIZA SUNDAY SPECIAL 11 AM 4 RJ NASIR KHAN GHUNCHA E SHOUQ 2 AM 5 RJ ASIM RAZA 101 INTERNATIONAL 12 MN 6 RJ ARSALAN EVENING DRIVE TIME 7 RJ BILAL HADER SMILE AND DIAL 8 RJ NEELAM CHOICE JUST FOR YOU RJ FAIZA BASHIR SATURDAY SPECIAL 10 RJ SADAF RANI GOOD MORNING 101 PAKISTAN 7 AM 12 RJ NAIL-A TAHIR 13 RJ ZAHRA SIKANDAR ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW OF FM 101 : 1. Territories OF TRANSMISSION: The FM direct transmission reach in three significant urban areas that is Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi. 2. MUSIC: The program comprises of music principally of the pop assortment. Western music has additionally been allotted two hours consistently, structure 3 to 4 toward the evening and 8 to 9 at night. 3. Data: The transmission is sprinkled with data on an assortment of points including driving tips, horoscopes, sports, climate updates, culture and progress, wellbeing and ygiene, test, ladies and children issues, design and style and even stocks and business clues. 4. Visitors: Prominent characters of various fields of life are likewise welcomed in live shows to converse with the audience members and answer their calls. FM 101 channel likewise communicate Current Affairs issues as and when required. 5. FAN FOLLOWING: The audience members give their criticism and have collaboration which the DJs of FM 101 channel through SMS administration, messages and letters. The transmission of FM 101 is additionally accessible on the web. 6. Introduction: The accomplishment of any communicate association relies upon the style introduction echniques, it has received. In this way, the most importantly request of FM 101 from its moderators is subject information, language productivity and jargon with relational abilities and peculiarity. The moderators of the channel have been given these abilities broad preparing and direction by experienced creation group of PBC. MUST FM 103: Presentation: Faisalabad and Multan. It was demonstrated by a review that in the time of multi year it become famous among the mass audience members and left behind other FM organizes in the race to give constant amusement to its audience members coming to dominant part zones of the nation. As today compelling MASTS transmission covers very nearly 47 distinct urban communities, towns and zones other than the four urban areas with which it previously began its transmission. The sign circle in these significant four urban communities stretches out up to 120 km from one corner to the next corner and covers a listenership of around 35 million people the nation over. FM 103 isn't Just for a specific class, age gathering, section or language yet it expects to engage and educate each portion regarding our general public. FM 103 play the music of all types like stone, pop, old style and so forth likewise keep individuals refreshed from its news release. Pole FM 103 additionally has accomplished brand of the ear grant in 2009 which was the verification of colossal achievement and difficult work of its administration, grapples, RJs, DJs and different experts. Rundown OF PROGRAMS ON MAST FM 103: Grapple NAME SHOW TIMINGS ZULFIQAR ALI SHAH Mehran rung wid zulfiqar ali shah Sun(l ti13pm ) 2. AKMAAM SALEEM 1 . Drive to Midnight 2. Gabbalay 10-12am Fridays 8-10pm Saturdays 3. SYED AZHAR HUSSAIN Cafe Karachi Wednesday Saturday(2:OOam to 04:00am ) 4. DR. EJAZ WARS Voice of 103 sat and sun 10 till 11 pm 5. AFZAL SAHIR Mau] Mela Friday 4. 30 to 6pm HASN NAVEED AFRIDI 1. 12 PM fungama with 12 PM explorer taaron bhari raat 2. Ring and swing . Love association 4. Beats and nibbles Thursday 12am 12pm 2pm Tuesday, marry sat 4-6 pm 7. 12am-2 am HAMMAD ISMAEEL Mast morning with Hammad Ismaeel Thursday soil 12 pm and Friday sat 8am to topsoil 8. SAHIR LODHI The sahir show Monday Friday 8 pm to IOpm 9. RJ ZIA KHAN 1 . Pakhtoonkhwa Guloona 2. Pole drive time sun 9 am-llam 4-6 Thursday 10. RJ FIZZA AHSAN 1 . lts My Way The High Way 2. end of the week morning 11. ABU RASHID Hyde park with abu Rashid and bilu baht Tuesday and Wednesday 12-2 night 12. LEENA SHAH 1 . Sentiment Over rest 2. Dil Ki FIR 4. 1ive love and giggle with leena 5. siyasi adakaar Friday night at 2 Sunday Night at 2 Tuesday Night at 2 Wednesday night at 8 Monday Tuesday 3pm 13. RJ SHOAIB AHMED 1 . The Sunset Show 2. Morning Buzz 3. Nourishment for Soul 4. Shoaib in control 6PM (Monday Friday) 8AM (Wednesday) 12PM Afternoon (Saturday) 12pmsaturday 14. RJ NAJIA AHMED 1 . Dareechay 2. Meter Down Sunday (10:00pm to 12:00pm ) Tuesday (6:00 to 8:00 pm ) Wednesday (6:00 to 8:00 pm ) 15. HADI SYED RJ on Mast FM 103 Wednesday : 12 to 2am Friday : 2 to 4am RJ FATIMA ZEHRA 1 . HouseFull 2. MP3 3. Notice 4. Humshehri Mondays 6pm Wednesdays 4pm Saturdays.. 4pm Saturdays. 3 pm ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW OF FM 103: CONTENT: The projects of FM 103 are exceptional in its substance and worth the decent variety in our general public by offering assortments of projects. Their projects center around one type of individuals as well as spread a wide range of theme, for example, mindfulness programs, amusement, data, medical problems and so forth. Additionally like TV Must morning with Hammad and Bhazma-e-ghazal programs in night are likewise circulated on it. Therefore peo

10 Motivation Myths That Keep You From Reaching Goals

10 Motivation Myths That Keep You From Reaching Goals More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Are you falling prey to motivation myths that might be sabotaging your chances of achieving your goals? We all like to think that we have a pretty solid understanding of what makes us tick. The reality is that we are often surprisingly blind to psychological factors that contribute to our success and failure. Research has shown that not only are people sometimes quite poor at knowing what will make them happy, they also underestimate what it really takes to achieve their goals. Top Myths About Motivation Let’s take a closer look at some of the top myths that may be standing in the way of your motivation. Money Is the Ultimate Motivator Money certainly can be a great motivational tool, but some people mistakenly place too much importance on financial rewards and overlook other factors that might ultimately play a greater role in their motivation and happiness. If you take a job because it pays well, but neglect the fact that it is in an undesirable location, has terrible hours, and leaves you with no free time for family, will the monetary rewards really make up for all those downsides? It might for a while, but chances are that you will eventually start to feel stressed and unmotivated to go to work. Research has suggested that people who are primarily motivated by financial concerns tend to suffer from worse mental health on a variety of psychological measures. If You Are Smart, You Dont Need to Be Motivated People often believe that being smart is a way to guarantee success, but researchers have repeatedly found that intelligence is certainly not always a predictor of achievement. In the famous longitudinal study of gifted kids by Lewis Terman, some of the most intelligent individuals later went on to lead very average lives unmarked by great accomplishments. You might be smart, but that doesn’t mean that motivation won’t play a role in your success. Visualizing Success Will Make Dreams a Reality Self-help gurus often tout the power of visualization. Just imagining yourself reaching your goals, they suggest, will help you achieve them. Psychological research, on the other hand, suggests that these visualization activities can sometimes be counterproductive. If you imagine yourself instantly successful, it actually saps your motivation to go out and achieve those goals. A better strategyâ€"visualize yourself completing the steps it will take to reach your goals. If you are trying to lose weight, envision yourself eating healthy and working out rather than just imagining yourself instantly skinny. Greater Rewards Will Lead to Greater Motivation If you want someone to do something, offering them a big reward seems like a sure-fire way to inspire motivation, right? The problem is that researchers have discovered that sometimes these rewards can backfire. When you give someone a reward for something that they are already intrinsically motivated to do, the result is often a decrease in motivation, something that psychologists refer to as the overjustification effect. Rewards can inspire action when a person really does need some sort of incentive to engage in a task, but reinforcements should be used carefully and sparingly. Fear Is a Great Way to Inspire Motivation The threat of punishment or penalty can definitely inspire action, but often for just a brief period of time. Rewards can be tricky, but research has shown that reinforcement is usually a more effective strategy than punishments when it comes to boosting motivation. If you are relying on fear to drive yourself or others, try switching tactics to focus on bonuses for good performance. Just Trying Is Enough Think about the last time you tried something difficult. Before you walked out onto the field, onto the stage, or into the boardroom, someone might have leaned in and encouraged you to “just do your best.” These four words are often thought to be a great motivator, but research has actually shown that it might actually be a recipe for mediocrity. Researchers have actually found that setting high specific and difficult goals are more likely to inspire motivation, performance, and achievement. The next time you are making a goal, choose something specific and set the bar high.   You Should Praise Talent Instead of Efforts Psychologist Carol Dweck suggests that focusing on innate talents rather than efforts can stunt motivation. If you believe that talents are inborn (an approach thats known as a fixed mindset), it leads to the belief that no amount of effort can change the results. Cultivating a growth mindset, or the belief that people can change and develop abilities through effort and dedication can be a much more motivating approach. One way to develop this mindset is to praise efforts rather than talents.   Why Cultivating a Growth Mindset Can Boost Your Success Willpower Is All It Takes to Reach Your Goals People tend to believe that willpower is the deciding factor when it comes to goal attainment. In the American Psychology Associations annual Stress in America survey, respondents listed a lack of willpower as the single biggest factor holding them back from reaching their goals. Willpower is certainly an important piece of the motivational puzzle, but it certainly isn’t the be-all-end-all. The strength of your commitment, your desire to reach your goals, the types of incentives you’ll gain, and the obstacles you’ll face also play critical roles. When you are trying to get motivated, make a plan that takes these factors into account rather than just relying on willpower alone. You Have to Wait for the Right Motivation to Strike Sometimes you get lucky and inspiration strikes you at the right moment. It seems to just lift you up in a wave of motivation that keeps you directed toward accomplishing your goals. These moments are great, but waiting for them to come along is a mistake. Sometimes it takes work to create the motivation to reach your goals. You might have to sit down and make a list of your goals and develop a step-by-step plan for reaching them. You might have to join a club or enlist the help of friends to stay motivated. Sometimes you might even need to inspire yourself with the promise of a reward.   5 Surprising Ways to Increase Motivation Writing Your Goals Down Is the Key to Success Journaling can be a highly effective motivation tool, but just writing down your goals without backing up those missives with action won’t produce results. Motivational speakers and self-help gurus often like to suggest that merely writing down your goals is some sort of motivational panacea, but there is no research to back up these kinds of claims. Rather than just writing down your goals, focus on journaling the actual efforts you make each day toward reaching your goals. Tactics That Can Improve Motivation So which tactics really help people feel more motivated? In his TED Talk What Makes Us Feel Good About Our Work? behavioral economist Dan Ariely cited a few studies that reveal some effective motivational tactics.Meaningful work can improve motivation. Seeing the results of your efforts can motivate and lead to better performance.Appreciation. People who feel that their efforts are acknowledged tend to work harder and longer, while those who feel neglected require greater incentives to keep going.Difficult work can be motivating. Think back on some of your greatest accomplishments. The ones you are the proudest of were likely the most difficult to achieve. The more difficult something is, the more motivating and rewarding it might be.

History Of Germany During World War II - 1753 Words

History of Germany At the end of world war I germany was forced to give back a lot of land, later on Adolf Hitler became the leader of Germany and he enforced the Nazi party throughout Germany . Hitler s goals were to make Germany the best country by doing this he caused another world war. During World war II Germany was part of the axis powers. The axis powers at first was made up Germany, Ussr, Japan, and Italy. Throughout the war germany betrayed the USSR and broke the nazi-soviet pact. this caused for the ussr to join forces with the allies US, China, and Great Britain. hitler s main goal of leading germany was to make germany more powerful. he gained lebensraum or living space so they can have places grow crops because they were in a food shortage. Germany gained about 50 percent of europe. this was because post ww1 the kellogg briand-pact was formed and signed by the european countries, us , and Japan. This pact was made so that all who signed it did not use war to resolve a conflict. the leagu e of nations was also formed and people were not obeying the league of nations nor the kellogg briand pact. the fact that there were no consequences had a major impact on world war two. germany was a big fan of not following these rules. germany broke the league of nations and the kellogg briand pact. germany withdrew from them and began by gaining land through appeasement. countries that were part of these pacts followed them so in order to prevent war with germany a lotShow MoreRelatedTo what extent did the French Resistance assist in the allies liberation of France?888 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Resistance (La Rà ©sistance franà §aise) was a collaboration of individual movements against the German occupation of France and the Vichy regime that complied with the Nazis during World War II. Starting in 1940 and ending with the liberation of France, French people from all ends of the economic and political spectrum united in different Rà ©sistance groups to perform guerilla attacks, run underground newspapers, provide intelligence to and from the allies, and manage escape networks to alliedRead MoreWhy Did The Allies Win World War II?1480 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Why did the Allies win World War II? (Roark 854) In this paper we will be discussing the reasons behind why the Allies were able to defeat the Axis powers in World War II. (Roark Ch.25, p. 792) During the era of World War II technology developed largely during this time. (History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online RSS) The improvements in technology helped the Allies win World War II, because of technological advances it helped the Allies be more ahead of the Axis powersRead MoreUse Of Propaganda During World War II1719 Words   |  7 PagesPaul Klene Professor Brain Stokes History 122 6 December 2015 The Use and Impact of Propaganda during World War II The second most devastating global conflict, also known as World War II, left over 60 million dead creating panic and fear for citizens all over the world. During these hard times the citizens, dealing with a national crisis, needed something to give them hope that there will be betters days. Propaganda was used in political cartoons to release information that contained biased viewsRead MoreThe Holocausts Effect on the German Jew Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pages Adolf Hitler came to power over Germany in January of 1933. He hated Jews and blamed them for everything bad that had ever happened to Germany. Hitler’s goal in life was to eliminate the Jewish population. With his rise to power in Germany, he would put into action his plan of elimination. This is not only why German Jews were the main target of the Holocaust, but why they were a large part of the years before, during, and after the Holocaust. Hitler’s â€Å"final solution† almost eliminated theRea d MoreCause And Causes Of Benito Mussolini958 Words   |  4 Pages1955. World War II proved to be a deadly conflict, costing the lives of an estimated 72 million, 4 hundred 68 thousand, and 9 hundred deaths, according to www.secondworldwarhistory.com accessed December 10, 2016. The deadly conflict began on September 1, 1939, with Nazi Germany’s invasion of Poland, and would not end until the surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945 aboard the U.S.S. Missouri. The toilsome war, began from the formation and actions of the Axis powers, composed of Italy, Germany, andRead MoreBefore World War 2 Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/us-home-front-during-world-war-ii http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1661.html https://www.nationalww2museum.org/students-teachers/student-resources/research-starters/america-goes-war-take-closer-look Before Before World War II I was still recovering from the toll World War I had on me. Though World War I was bad for my economy, it proved to all countries that I was not to be messed with. Although I am viewed as very powerful, I have tried to remainRead MoreThe World War II: Air War1180 Words   |  5 Pages World War II was one of the deadliest military conflicts in history. There were many different battles that took place within this war; some more important than others. World War II began once Germany’s new dictator, Adolf Hitler, decided that he wanted to gain power for Germany and for himself. One of Hitler’s first moves in power was invading Poland on September 1, 1939. Many other countries became involved in this war because of the alliance system. The two sides during this war were the AlliesRead MoreThe Halves That Were Not Equal1168 Words   |  5 PagesThat Were Not Equal After Nazi Germany’s fall in the civil war, Germany was split into two parts separated by the Berlin Wall. The soviets had control of the east and the allied powers controlled the west.The division of Germany was not beneficial to both the allied west and the soviet east because the soviet east was under the rule of a socialist government and their citizens had no rights. The Division of Germany caused Germany to divide into a east and west side, the east was under theRead MoreWhy Was Germany Most Significant Influential Country During World Wars So After Losing World War II?1429 Words   |  6 Pages Why was Germany most significant influential country during World Wars even after losing World War I and World War II? By: Kinjal Shah 12TH February 2017 University of Massachusetts Lowell Abstract: Germany’s Role in both World War had been pivotal and there are several reasons to why that happened and various facts to support the idea that it had influenced whole of the Europe. Hitler was appointed chancellor by the President of Weimar republic on 30 January 1933. The Nazi PartyRead MoreThe World Of World War II1058 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War II The world has experienced many wars. However, two of them have particularly influenced the world history, World War I and World War II. However, the most pronounced among the two is World War II. World War II was a global war, which took place between 1939 and 1945. This war grew out of issues left unresolved by earlier conflicts of World War I. It involved virtually every part of the world. The primary combatants were the Axis powers- Germany, Italy and Japan and the Allies- France

Essay about Multiculturalism In Canada - 1701 Words

Is multiculturalism a disruptive or an integrative force in Canadian society? In terms of education, multiculturalism is becoming increasingly disruptive in Canadian society. It seems that there is a new issue in the media focus regarding education on a weekly basis. Its becoming increasingly apparent that most, if not all issues in recent years stem from the debate of whether to centralize or decentralize our current system of education. Proponents of centralization argue that a standard national system of education will provide all people with access to the same quality of education. On the other hand, proponent’s of decentralization claim that individual educational institutions will provide a level of education that is sensitive to†¦show more content†¦Also the provincial government is taking steps to standardize the level of education received by students in Ontario. Programs like standardized testing for teachers and students as well as the standardization of the curriculum were implemented. These programs are intended to provide all stud ents regardless of race or economic standing in any area of the province and equal opportunity to succeed. These initiatives are part and parcel of increased demand by the Federal government to have Canadian students rise to quot;levels equivalent to those achieved by students in Asia and Europe.quot; (Lightbody, pg. 265) These steps however pay little heed to other cultures in the education system. All courses on history or culture at the high school level are aimed to familiarize students with the traditions, philosophy, literature and history of the western world. Proponents argue that this action is appropriate since our country is based on a democracy founded in European ideals of government. It is also claimed that there would not be enough time in the current school year to educate students on every culture that has contributed to the construction of our society. Proponents for centralization seem to prefer the quot;middle of the road approachquot; when making decisions on cu rriculum. It is argued that trying to push the subject of multiculturalism too far would actually be a hindrance. Over emphasis of multiculturalism may interfere with a student’sShow MoreRelatedMulticulturalism in Canada1819 Words   |  7 PagesMulticulturalism in Canada An Overview The term multiculturalism has been used by the Canadians in two different perspectives. The first use of this word is descriptive; meanwhile the other one is normative. The former sense implies the description of various religious and cultural groups that the Canadian population consists of. The nation of Canada is based on people from various races, religions and cultural backgrounds and there is a general acceptance of cultural pluralism in the countryRead MoreCanada Is A Multiculturalism Country1070 Words   |  5 PagesWe always say Canada is a multiculturalism country. However, what is multiculturalism? A country that is full of people with different cultural backgrounds and different races living together in peace. Canada is a multicultural society, so an increasing number of immigrants came to Canada, mostly from African, Asian, and Caribbean countries. But in Canadian history of multiculturalism has started with xenophobic approach to immigrants. In the beginning of 20th cen tury, immigrants could not be recognizedRead MoreEssay on Multiculturalism in Canada661 Words   |  3 PagesMulticulturalism is the existence of a culturally diversified society where people from different backgrounds and races come and live together. However an insight of this integrated society reveals that everyone seems to have a different opinion on the issue of how this diverse community should operate. One of the countries of North America called the mosaic is Canada. It has earned this distinct name because of the mix of races, cultures and ethnicities residing in it. Canadas geographical featuresRead MoreMulticulturalism : The New Reality Of Canada1353 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Multiculturalism exists when people accept and encourage many cultures to thrive in a society. Multiculturalism can lead to many great outcomes, including racial and ethnic harmony, which simply means that people from different backgrounds get along well together. Living with and accepting diff erent cultures helps us understand each other and discourage hatred and violence.† () Furthermore, various ethnic groups introduce their individual beliefs, traditions, as well as, religions to the CanadianRead MoreThe Government of Canada and Multiculturalism Essay examples1670 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Multiculturalism† entered public speech in the late 1960s and early 1970s in Canada that focused on unique cultural diversity, nationalities, and ethnicity across the nation. Multiculturalism and Immigration are important factors in the development of Canada to attain a strong multicultural example of economic stability, social and political growth which leads to the emergence of Canada’s identity and culture. The artefact design indicates the deep understanding of Canadian Multiculturalism whichRead MoreEssay about The Aspects of Multiculturalism in Canada838 Words   |  4 Pagesbuilt on immigration, Canada has long had a reputation of being culturally and ethnically diverse. While multiculturalism is meant to be built on equality and appreciation of different cultures, its concept has gained both support and opposition. On one hand, it allows for more assortment and the voices of minorities have a higher chance to be heard. On the other hand, loss of unity and conflicts may occur due to contrasting worldviews of the citizens. All in all, multiculturalism is a controversialRead MoreMulticulturalism In Canada: The benefits of a multicultural society.1881 Words   |  8 PagesMulticulturalism in Canada: The Benefits of a Multicultural Society Canada is a very interesting country, mainly due to its diversity. The weather in Canada can be both freezing and very hot. Some land is rocky and mountainous, while other places are composed of flat, rolling hills. And in Canada, you can find many different races, from Asian to Latin, African to Indian. Canada is the most multicultural country in the world, and a lot of Canadas development and success can be attributed to immigrantsRead MoreWhat Canada s Government Should Not Be Tolerated Under Multiculturalism1698 Words   |  7 Pagesintroducing multicultural policies which protect and accommodate the practices and beliefs of various minority groups. Granted that multiculturalism has enriched modern societies with creativity, innovation, and economic prosperity, problems have arisen. One of the significant challenges faces these societies is what should or should not be tolerated under multiculturalism. This question has resulted in conflicts between groups seeking to expand huma n rights and those trying to prevent such expansionRead MoreMichelle Julia Anderson- 250848884. 2230E- Erin Orr. Tuesday,1329 Words   |  6 PagesOrr Tuesday, February 7th, 2017 Multiculturalism has played a significant role in Canada, since its establishment 40 years ago. Much of Canadian society is reflective of different cultures from around the world making multiculturalism a very relevant topic to Canadians. While it can be argued that the majority of Canadians are in favor of multiculturalism, there are some who hold a different opinion. Though some critics claim that multiculturalism promotes a form of ‘hyphenated Canadianism’Read MoreMulticulturalism Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Canada was the first country to adopt an official policy of multiculturalism in 1971† (Carl Skutsch, 2013). Canada is known worldwide as a multicultural country. On 8 October 1971, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau announced multiculturalism as an official government policy in order to preserve the cultural freedom of all individuals and provide recognition of the cultural contributions of diverse ethnic groups to Canadian society. The government then began to support multiculturalism in a variety of

Fighting for Ameican Manhood Free Essays

Omar Perez-Velazco Hist. 460 Dr. McDonough February 18, 2013 Since the beginning of time the topic of human gender its differences has been a controversial subject that always attracts attention. We will write a custom essay sample on Fighting for Ameican Manhood or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the Spanish-American War, many men were seen as heroes, some even put into important positions in our nations’ government. Men like McKinley and Roosevelt, for example, used such praise and recognition to reinforce their positions of President and, later on, Vice President, respectively. One of the men who benefited from this line of thought was President McKinley, who no doubt was delighted to find that being a commander in chief during a war restored his image as a capable leader† (110). Roosevelt was a man with power, being the assistant secretary of the navy, but he gave it up to join 1st United Stated Volunteer Cavalry, more commonly known as the Rough Riders. He received nationwide praise and everyone knew him as a hero. â€Å"Two years later, Roosevelt’s military record helped him win the vice presidential slot on the Republican ticket† (112). Women held many important roles during this war, such as nurses. While women were vital to the war effort, many people did little to spread the news. â€Å"In magazines and newspapers of the time, stories glorifying soldiers and sailors are hard to miss. In contrast, stories covering women’s wartime contributions are difficult to find† (128). How does considering gender change our views of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars? This is the argument that Kristin Hoganson makes in Fighting for American Manhood. I believe that without the aid of women in the camps, the wars would have gone much differently. â€Å"This book shows how international relations affected ideas about gender, how gendered ideas about political authority affected American democracy in an imperial era, and how high politics served as a vibrant locus of cultural struggle† (14). I can agree with the author on all these points and I believe that women and also minorities during the wars had a great impact from their local factories and towns. Fighting for American Manhood collects its information from a wide variety f sources, some being magazines and journal articles, and others being more in depth, like family letters. There is also a large quantity of political cartoons from the time, depicting such people as President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and the iconic Uncle Sam. Some of the primary sources, the letters, come from places like the Alabama Department of Archives and History, or the Cincinnati Historica l Society, which provided information in the form of the Wheeler Family Papers, and the Joseph Benson Foraker Papers, respectively. While a lot of these family accounts were safely in the hands of the state, many other accounts from the day were residing in university libraries, such as the Harvard University Houghton Library, and the University of North Carolina Wilson Library: Southern Historical Collection, from which Hoganson uses the Theodore Roosevelt Collection, from the Charles Eliot Norton Papers, and the Edward Ward Carmack Papers, respectively. The secondary sources that the author compiled were mostly magazine entries and newspaper articles, like those from the New York Times, or the Washington Post. The chapter that I found most interesting was Chapter 6 – The Problem of Male Degeneracy and the Allure of the Philippines. I was just amazed with the United States when our government, using the power of the Treaty of Paris, decided for the Philippines that they wanted to be ceded into the United States. †The peace treaty with Spain, signed on December 10, ceded the Philippines along with Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. The treaty, known as the Treaty of Paris, then went to the U. S Senate for ratification. But the Filipinos who had been fighting for independence from Spain did not want to be ceded† (133). This angered the Filipino nationalists and almost brought an all out war. The reasons that the U. S government officials gave to try and justify their takeover of these territories also surprised me and showed me just how far some countries will go to expand, both physically and mentally. â€Å"Imperialists based their assertions that the Filipinos were unfit for independence on three stereotypes that gave meaning to racial prejudices by drawing on ideas about gender. All three presented the Filipinos as lacking the manly character seen as necessary for self-government† (134). These men were considered less than human, along with Native and African Americans. I thoroughly enjoyed this chapter because of all the different aspects it covers related to gender and the ceding of the Filipino territories. The chapter that I found least interesting was Chapter 2 – Cuba and the Restoration of American Chivalry. While the information in the chapter was important to get the main argument across, it just didn’t appeal to me, and it didn’t get any better in my opinion as I kept reading. American citizens fantasized about the Cuban rebels, about how chivalrous the men were and how responsible and loyal wives the Cuban women are. â€Å"In contrast to American men, who seemed to be losing sight of knightly values in their single-minded pursuit of riches, Cuban men appeared to exemplify chivalric character† (47). American men drew inspiration from these fantasies, often showing how Cuban men drew their inspiration from women in illustrations and cartoons. â€Å"Their images as acquiescent, traditional women made Cuban women seem to be perfect feminine foils for assertive American women. In addition to appearing well worth defending, Cuban women appeared eager for rescue† (46). This chapter was important to getting the point across but I felt like it was sort of out of place. Fighting for American Manhood is a very interesting read and it really makes me think. When did anyone every really stop and think so deeply about how gender can affect wars? The book is unique and I recommend it to anyone who wants to study the topic of gender affecting war. How to cite Fighting for Ameican Manhood, Papers

The Importance of Using Examples

Using examples to back up statements of fact can add value to your writing. Making a statement without using examples can make your writing muddy, as well as create more work for the reader. Examples make statements clearer, give readers more information, and decrease the chances that the fact or idea to be wrongly applied to real-life situations. Examples are most successful when integrated into the text: Warm paint colors, like red or pink, can have a stimulating effect on a room’s inhabitants. When going to a formal dinner, it is important to wear your best suit, tie, and shoes. (Rather than: When going to a formal dinner, it is important to wear your best clothing.) Examples can also be added in parenthetical phrases, using Latin abbreviations: When you go camping, always make sure to pack first-aid supplies (e. g. [exempli gratia or â€Å"for example†] bandages, antiseptic cream, pain medication). Workers in the United states (i.e. [id est or â€Å"that is†] legal and illegal workers) are concerned about healthcare for their families. Note: â€Å"I.e.† is not interchangeable with â€Å"e.g.† â€Å"I.e.† is equivalent to saying â€Å"in other words† and â€Å"e.g.† is equivalent to â€Å"example† Examples can also be illustrated by describing hypothetical situations, relating real-life situations, or giving the reader possibilities to imagine within the context of the article.

The Significance of Language

The Significance of Language Introduction Language, identity and power have an interrelationship that has generated debate and discourses that affect not only an individual, but also the larger community from where he comes. In this essay, we will explore the relationship between language and identity. Using Amy Tan’s ‘Mother Tongue, we will look at the importance language and how it affects the lives of people in their communities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Significance of Language specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Language and Its Effects Reading this story, it comes out clearly that language affects the lives of individuals. It is language that defines who a person is and therefore, plays a role in his or her choices and the lifestyle he or she lives. People use language to view life in different perspectives. In this story, Amy explores how the language she learned affected her life in different ways. She is a daughter to immigrant parents; her mother is shown as a very intelligent woman. She is a source of communication between her mother and those who don’t understand her. Here, Amy has used this story to emphasize that someone is not less intelligent just because he or she can not speak perfect English like those who are native speakers. It is rare to get two people who speak the same exact language, even those who think they do so, fail to notice the variations in their language because they are used to it. Amy is of Chinese decent, and therefore, language played a major role in her family as she struggled to fit into the American society with a mother who spoke â€Å"limited English† (Tan 78). This story reflects the lives of many Americans who are natural citizens of the United States. I am sure there are many people out there who have parents with their own way of speaking and comprehension of the English language as did Amy. This does not in any way reduce the intelligence of such parents, but they are forced to depend on their children for translations during communications. This sometimes makes children to be ashamed by their parents, just as Amy did when she joined others to describe her mother’s English as ‘Broken â€Å"or â€Å"Fractured† (Tan 78). Language is very special, not just for Amy and immigrants in foreign lands, but for all of us. Language brings people closer to their families in unique ways. Amy agrees with me when she says that language â€Å"can evoke an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth† (Tan 76).Advertising Looking for essay on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Imagine a situation why by you wake up one day to the realization that you have no voice and therefore can not communicate with those around you. This is when you will realize how important language is. To lack a voice means that you are not able t o express yourself, communicate or participate in what goes on in your world. Language involves combining specific words in a certain order. This depends on different people where you can find people using the same words but in a different order. What is important is that so long as they are able to communicate, then that order is important to them. Language therefore, helps in empowering a people and helping them establish and define their identity. Language Can Unite and Isolate There is no doubt that through language, people are bound together as one community. However language can also alienate individuals in a community. Sometimes people use language to label others as outsiders. People use language to form stereotypes of others. For instance, in this story Amy tells us that she has often been asked why there aren’t many Asian Americans in American literature. We also learn that there are very few Asian Americans who are enrolled in creative writing. The answer to these questions lies in the formation of stereotypes. Many Asian Americans are known to do well in sciences and mathematics than in English. Their English, as Amy says, is also described as â€Å"broken† or â€Å"limited†. This means that their teachers use these stereotypes to steer them away from writing. They encourage them to take mathematics and sciences course just as they did to Amy. Stereotyping in essence is wrong (Zeng 10). Language does more than just articulating a simple truth, the way one commands language also matters a lot. We have just learned that without language, an individual will be voiceless, but having an imperfect language makes others see one as imperfect. However, those who are fluent in the standard language are seen to be superior to others. This is clearly illustrated in â€Å"mother tongue† when Amy gives us examples of how her mother was treated in the community. She says: People in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did no t take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her. (Tan 78)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Significance of Language specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These people treated Amy’s mother in this disrespectful way solely because she spoke English that was simple and with non-native variations which they disparagingly termed as â€Å"broken† or â€Å"fractured† (Tan 78). This reflects what happens in many communities of the world. When people lack the standard skills of a language they are labeled as outsiders and therefore, live under discrimination from those who enjoy the standard language skills in their communities. Language as a Necessity Reading through this story, one gets to understand that acquiring a certain language does not only enable one to be accepted in a community, it also helps in determining one†™s individuality. The experience that an individual goes through with language goes a long way in shaping his or her self identity. This is illustrated in this story clearly when Amy tells us about the different Englishes she applies in her daily communication. We see that when communicating with her family she uses the simple form of English, she calls the one her mother uses as broken English, and however, when interacting with people in her personal life, Amy uses a more complex version of the English language. Bond explains further that both accommodation and affirmation can occur to the same content, in other words, there can be different effects language happening to the same type of content (Chen Bond, p.399). She confesses that there were instances in her life when she was embarrassed by the English her mother used. However, as she continued to grow, she came to understand how important that English was to her. She says in this story that she realized that her mother†™s English was perfectly clear, it was actually her mother tongue. This means that it was this language that helped her make sense of what goes around her. This realization makes her wince whenever she calls her mother’s English as â€Å"broken† or â€Å"fractured†. She does not think that her mother’s English needs any fixing, to her it is whole and sound and therefore terming it broken or fractured when she uses it to communicate with her mum looks unfair (Tan 77). The Basic Concept: Communication Towards the end of this story, Amy tells us that it doesn’t matter what type of English you use, what matters is that you are able to communicate. The different Englishes in her life shaped her into what she later become, a writer, much to her critics disapproval that she couldn’t make a good writer.Advertising Looking for essay on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is an encouragement to those who are in the same circumstances as Amy that even if they find it hard to speak perfect English, they should never back down from giving their point of view. We have seen that despite her broken English, Amy’s mother helped her to understand English better. It is her mother who encouraged her to become a writer. People have different mother tongues that they were taught when young, but as individuals grow they develop different Englishes which they use as circumstances direct. The language that an individual uses at work is not the same he uses at home or with friends. Language should be seen as a tool for social improvement, through which many people of different backgrounds come together in a cohesive coexistence (Feng 159). Conclusion Tan’s â€Å"Mother Tongue† story tells us that the main purpose of language is to enable people express themselves and also be in a position to share the expression with others. It doesn’t matter what form of the language one uses, so long as it is used to express oneself and others understand the expression, then no one is justified to discriminate against it no matter how broken or fractured the language . Tan’s mother managed to express herself with people in her life using her Broken English, it is this same broken English that shaped Tan into what she is today. Had her mother stooped to intimidation probably Tan wouldn’t have grown up to become a writer. It is a person’s point of view that matters; therefore people should not be intimidated by those who think they know the standard language from giving their points of view. Chen, Sylvia Bond, Michael. â€Å"Explaining language priming effects: Further evidence for ethnic affirmation among Chinese-English bilinguals.† Journal of language and social psychology 26.1 (2007): 398-406. Feng, Hui. â€Å"Different languages, different cultures, different language ideologies, different ling uistic models.† Journal of multicultural discourses 4.2 (2009): 151-164. Print. Tan Amy (1990). â€Å"Mother Tongue.† Three penny Review (1990): 76-80. Print. Zeng, Li. â€Å"Diasporic Self, Cultural Other: Negotiating Ethnicity through Transformation in the Fiction of Tan and Kingston.† Language and Literature XXVIII (2003): 1-15. Print.

6 things you need to do before applying to your dream job

6 things you need to do before applying to your dream job Any of us who have spent time on the job hunt trail have been here before: While checking out job boards and researching companies who are hiring in our industry, you come across the coveted dream job- a posting that’s so perfectly aligned to what you’re looking for in your next career step that you can almost convince yourself that it was tailored precisely for you. Everything about it seems just right- a position with an industry-leading company who has a great reputation and culture, job responsibilities that really match what you’re looking to take on, and opportunities for lasting growth and success. In sum, what appears to be the perfect job. When we stumble across the dream job, we all know what happens next. A wave of anxiety washes over you like an unavoidable tsunami, with thoughts of all the great candidates who may have beaten you to the application punch, and fears that your window for applying may be closing and that your chances of getting the job may be slipping away with each passing moment.Yeah, we’ve all been here before, and at this point, you’re going to be struck with the urge to frantically rush to apply for the job before it’s too late. This is precisely the point where careless and unprepared candidates slip up and make the sort of mistakes that prevent them from being taken seriously by hiring managers. Don’t be one of these people.If you’re really intent on landing your dream job- or any job for that matter- then it’s in your best interest to slow down, take a moment, and make sure you take care of these 6 important things before applying.Review the postingMany candidates get so excited after reading a great job posting that they overlook key details, which often include specific instructions for how to apply. Rookie mistake- failing to comply with all application instructions can ruin your chances of being seriously considered for the position. Read the posting more than once to make absolutely sure that you have all of the details down cold.Review your application materialsSure, you want to get your resume and cover letter in for consideration before it’s too late, but incorrect, error-laden, or incomplete application materials are almost impossible to recover from. Trust us, taking the time to slow down and confirm, several times, that your materials are perfect and error-free is time well spent.Tailor your approachHaving a canned cover letter and resume for every job posting you come across is not your best approach, and savvy hiring personnel are going to notice. Crafting your resume and cover letter for every position you apply for and highlighting why you’re the ideal candidate for each specific company is a much better strategy for grabbing attention and getting your foot in the door for interviews.Answer the question â€Å"Why you?†The scary truth of the job world is that there are tons of qualified candidates for every open position, and candidates who don’t clearly demonstrate why they should be considered from all those among the candidate herd have little chance of standing out from the crowd. Make sure your application materials showcase your full potential value and detail why you’re a candidate to be reckoned with and taken seriously.Mind your social mediaMany candidates become so laser-focused on getting their application and materials just right that they forget to mind the other details- like making sure their public social media doesn’t contain anything that may hurt their chances. Checking a candidate’s social media footprint is industry-standard today, so make sure that anything hiring managers and personnel can see reflects as positively on you like your cover letters and resumes do.Don’t forget to re-reviewIt’s never a bad idea to take a little time to re-review your entire application package before sending it off to make sure it’s in perfect shape. If you can get a person you trust to review it with a fresh set of eyes, even better. Consider it a little extra insurance towards making sure that you’re doing everything you can to land an interview.If you’re hot on the job hunt trail and eager to land your dream job, make sure you take care of the 6 key things mentioned here before clicking â€Å"Send† for any application you submit.

New York Times Article Review SEE below instructiuon Essay

New York Times Article Review SEE below instructiuon - Essay Example In case the price tag is approved by Washington, the carbon content of fuel will become as important as the fuel cost and may even define the fuel cost. The result of this policy will be the competitive capacity of alternative energies, such as wind, sunlight, uranium, corn stalks and trash or natural gas. It would also be possible to start using the so called â€Å"carbon-negative† fuels, taking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. The Congress should introduce a special tax or a cap-of-trade system for industries producing fuels. The estimations show that at $50 per metric ton the cost of a kilowatt-hour produced by coal will go from about 5.7 cents to 10 cents. When carbon dioxide costs $25 a ton, wind power will become competitive. Solar power is very expensive now, but the cap-of-trade system making coal fuel equal or even higher in price, solar power gets â€Å"a much larger chance to be relevant†. The carbon calculus concerns not only electricity but also ethanol, called â€Å"closet carbon†. There are possibilities to reduce greenhouse-emissions producing ethanol from trash through a newly-elaborated thermochemical method, proposed by Range Fuels of Denver. Nowadays we use corn ethanol, made using natural gas and coals, containing carbon, and sugar-cane ethanol, resulting in 10% as much CO2. Another approach, being tested in Arizona, is to fertilize algae with carbon dioxide captured from the atmosphere. Scientists even propose carbon-negative products, such as synthesis gas made from biomass, with resulting carbon dioxide being captured chemically. New approaches are sought for in architecture. Today building sites are evaluated for solar orientation and prevailing winds, the possibility to use the existing mass of hillsides and the ambient temperature of the dirt, etc. Carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced in the process of produce of various goods for mass consum ption. The problem is that the new technologies

International Management #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Management #3 - Essay Example Following a lift in the ban on the sale of foreign game consoles in China, the developments made it easy for Microsoft to consider a joint venture with a Chinese partner. But the Chinese lift on the ban had a condition: all the companies’ hardware and products will be produced in China. In 2013, Microsoft took the opportunity and formed the joint venture with a Shanghai media company called E-Home Entertainment, in order to make games and consoles (Hong, 2013). In this attempt at the joint venture with a regional Chinese media giant, Microsoft aims to establish itself in the lucrative gaming market in China so as to capitalize on its expertise and intellect. The two partners, which include Microsoft and BesTV New Media Co., a subsidiary of Shanghai Media Group, are to develop and sell its own gaming consoles and softwares along with entertainment related and other third party products. So far, it has only been one year since the joint venture took place and the two are determined to progress exponentially in their business. BesTV currently has nearly 18 million IPTV subscribers in China, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe thereby possessing a significant chunk of the market share. The combined investment from the two partners amounts to about $237 million with a 51 % share with BesTV (Hong, 2013). All of this was possible after the Chinese government decided to lift its ban on international gaming consoles thereby allowing similar business endeavors to take place. With this development, Microsoft now aims to launch one of their most popular products, Xbox One in China and explore possible business opportunities in the regional market. 2. The local Chinese gaming market has seen a regional transformation in its technology as well as consumer preferences. No longer are consumers interested in or are willing to buy low quality, inferior gaming softwares or consoles. The

Theories of Motivation and Conflict in the Workplace

Theories of Motivation and Conflict in the Workplace Abstract Conflict in any organization is a matter that can not be avoided. Conflict because from one viewpoint the individuals involved in the organization who have the character, vision, goals, and styles vary. In addition, the interdependence between each other that characterize each organization. Although not all adverse organizational conflict, moreover handled legitimately, can have a positive impact and will benefit the organization all in all. In addition, there should be transparency in managing conflict in organizations and patience as well as all parties involved in awareness and conflict within the organization. Introduction. This conflict is regularly associated with the individuals who are, conflict, violence and destruction. What has always lingered in our minds is the way by which the conflict that can happen, and how to define conflicts and how to handle conflict. The reaction regularly happens in life and cause us stretch, fear and tried to escape from dealing with conflict. At the same time, for individuals who adoration conflict is defined as an individual problem, and so on. Such is the diversity of views and reactions to conflict. The fact that the conflict is human nature. Conflicts are always together and grow dynamically along with human development. Conflicts can happen either on individuals, associations or organizations. At whatever point there is a conflict, obviously, will affect the parties involved either positive or negative from the point that indirectly may affect the performance and productivity of individuals and the organization all in all. In this manner, the perception of confl ict would facilitate forecasting methods, controls, changes and solutions to the problems that exist. In this regard, an initial exercise that needs to be researched is to identify the causes, factors and sorts of conflict, before the conflict management process, ie, problem solving or decision making implemented. Concept and levels of conflict. Conflict is a different idea from the perspective of politicians and members of management. With this, the scope of the investigation is very broad conflict is conflict, for example, family conflict, conflict within the organization, the conflict between the individual, the conflict in the middle of the house and so on. Generally, when there are different goals and different points of view, then there will be a variety of issues and differences in the perception of some aspects of the organization. In addition, the conflict is also defined as any form of dispute within the organization, both among people with one another in the assembly, in the middle between the council and the assembly with assembly or organization can also between the individual and the organization in general. Although the conflict refers to the need, importance, to something or someone in the middle of both parties with conflicting views. In my opinion, the conflict can be divided into two stages: the macro level and micro level. The macro-level conflicts usually occur at the level of institutions and conflicts are rare, for example, conflict is a conflict singles macro itself. Therefore, the micro-level conflict is like interpersonal and between organizations, it often happens in any place, for example between two or more parties. Process of Conflict. In addition, methods of conflict consists of four stages: first a potential conflict or incompatibility which is a source of conflict which is divided into three categories; communication, structure and personal variables. This is due to the differences and disputes between communities. Also, brains and personality conflicts will occur when viewed by the parties involved and bring the parties involved in emotions that lead to dissatisfaction, hate and fear. Therefore, there will be tension or pressure on the parties involved. Third is the intention to make the decision to act in a way misguidedly and causes disturbed or negative effects on the individual. Fourth is the action in which he makes the conflict became apparent that includes a statement issued, the action taken and the response by the parties involved in the conflict. This conflict will arise between individuals who do not take seriously in conflict. Resolving conflict in a team. Various ways that we can fathom conflicts like listening to all opinions or viewpoints of the actors involved and concentrated on talks on facts and behavior, not on feelings or personal elements. In addition, we also need to get the agreement and responsibility to find a solution and give encouragement to all parties to the conflict to cooperate to take care of problems accurately. All parties involved ought to play an important part in addressing conflict from spreading and provide an opportunity for all parties involved in the conflict to express his opinion. Identify conflicts are also important in resolving the conflict because this activity is necessary and requires special expertise. Conflicts can arise from a particular source or base of the problem, however the problem into a conflict if not managed with great emotions. Accordingly, we must pick which one to this problem, which became a problem because of emotional things. This problem is the underlying emotional conflicts w hile just exacerbate the problem alone. With this, we can handle the conflict regularly and can produce decent human beings. Theories of motivation and its effectiveness In prioritizing Herzberg two-factor hypothesis that encourages employees motivated intrinsic factor, namely the impetus arising from within oneself, and extrinsic factors, namely the impetus coming from outside oneself, especially from the organization where she lived up to expectations. Intrinsically motivated employees who delighted in the work that will enable utilization of reactivity and innovation, working with a high level of autonomy and dont have to be watched nearly. Satisfaction here is not primarily associated with the acquisition of things that are material. Instead, they are more motivated by extrinsic factors have a tendency to look to what is given to them by the organization and its work is directed to the acquisition of the things he wanted from the organization. According to Frederick Herzberg said that there are certain factors in the workplace that can lead to employment satisfaction, while in different parts there are also different factors that may cause dissat isfaction. With this, satisfaction and occupation dissatisfaction related to each other. In this way, divided into two specific factors in the workplace is by Frederick Herzberg identified as hygiene factors and motivation. Hygiene Factors Hygiene factors (health factors) is an important factor for their work motivation in the workplace. These factors do not lead to positive long-term satisfaction. At the same time if these factors are not present, then the dissatisfaction that. These factors are extrinsic to work. Hygiene factors also referred to as dissatisfaction or maintenance factors necessary to avoid dissatisfaction. Hygiene factors (health factors) is the image of the needs of individual physiological factors that are believed to be fulfilled. Hygiene (health factors) include salaries, personal life, the quality of supervision, working conditions, the stability of the employer, the relationship between the personal, intelligence and corporate governance. According to the hygiene factor / extrinsic factors Herzberg will not further the interests of workers to form it big, but if these factors cannot be considered satisfactory in many respects, for example, inadequate wages, working conditions unpleasant, factors that will be spring potential discontent. Motivation Factors Satisfaction creates a positive motivating factor. In addition, there are factors in the workplace and motivate employees to excel work called satiety factor. Employees only find motivation factors intrinsic value (satiety factor). Motivator which symbolizes psychological needs is seen as an additional benefit. Factors associated with achievement motivation job content protection, recognition, challenging work, improvement and development in the job. In addition, factors intrinsic motivation is a factor that promotes the spirit to achieve higher employment. Meanwhile, the high level of satisfaction of needs motivation allows one to form a more than satisfying needs lower. Meanwhile, there is also a motivating factor according to Herzberg is working itself achievement, opportunities for advancement, recognition of others, and responsibility. In general hygienic factors, for example, salaries and employee relations support associate to survive in the workplace. Salary will only deliver instant motivation. However not in the capacity factor of motivation, for example, the appointment of permanent staff. Cause a decrease in employee motivation to work. To motivate subordinates. Job satisfaction is basically something individual. Most individuals have a level of satisfaction vary and in accordance with the prevailing value system in itself. When assessed against the perceived height of the votes in accordance with the wishes of the individual, the higher the satisfaction of such activities. With this, an outline of job satisfaction can be interpreted as being pleasant or unpleasant, which looked officer of jobs. According to Herzberg behavioral traits that satisfied employees are those who have a high motivation to work. In addition, they are also more than happy to do his job, while its workers are less satisfied they are lazy to go to work at the workplace, and lazy in doing their jobs. Therefore, it can be concluded that job satisfaction is a feeling or attitude of someone in their work, which can be affected by various factors, both internal factors and external factors. Motivation or encouragement movement behavior of organisms is continuing to carry out an activity that is stimulated by incentives. With this, the existence of behavior because of physiological or psychological stretch and leading to the achievement of a goal. In addition, the driving motivation is a desire to be effective and to achieve something. Motivation can also be regarded as a stimulus for the achievement of a stimulus or to avoid failure. Individuals who have the motivation means he has already acquired the ability to exceed expectations in life. Conclusion Conflict is a part of human life that can never be settled all through the history of mankind. Sociologically, the conflict is defined as a social process between two or more persons where one party looks to prohibit different parties to pulverize it or make it frail. In addition, the conflict is motivated by differences in the characteristics of the individual got an interaction. Examples of these differences are related to the physical characteristics, information, understanding, beliefs, customs, and so on. Individual characteristics also participate in social interaction. Therefore, conflict is a desirable situation in each community and not a society that has never had any conflicts between members or with other community bunches. References http://www.dawama.com/Pengurusan-Konflik/q?pid=1752doit=order http://cintahatikami.blogspot.com/2012/04/konflik-dalam-organisasi.html http://capoenk-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/6-cara-menyelesaikan-konflik-secara.html http://perilakuorganisasi.com/teori-erg.html Silhanek, B. and Decenzo, D.A. (2007) Human Relations: Personal and Professional Development. London: Prentice Hall. Robbins, S.P. nad Judge, T.A. (2009) Organisational Behaviour. 5th and. London: Prentice Hall.

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Methods

Discuss the main differences between qualitative and quantitative approaches to data collection and analysis in management research. Your answer should make reference to the philosophical assumptions which underpin these methodological approaches. Introduction Whenever a decision is made to undertake a piece of research a method for conducting the study is required. In scientific research the techniques typically used for data collection and analysis are those which allow the evaluation of data to test a predetermined hypothesis (Zikmund, 2000). An example of this is a laboratory-based experiment where the researcher can be in full control of all the variables involved and can therefore be sure that any change in the phenomena under investigation is a direct result of an identified and controlled stimulus. In marketing research however, which is usually reliant on some aspect of human influence, it has been proposed that such a uniform, rigid approach is not appropriate: â€Å"There is never a single, perfect research design that is the best for all marketing research projects, or even a specific type of marketing research task. (Malhotra and Birks, 2000: p. 70) The aim of this assignment is to critically evaluate the quantitative and qualitative approaches to research, specifically focusing on the marketing perspective. To do this, consideration is firstly given to the basic differences between the qualitative and quantitative approaches, considering the seemingly opposing theoretical paradigms from which they have origina ted. Subsequently the development of the marketing discipline is examined with a specific focus on how and why different research methods have been employed in the field. Attention is Page 1 of 1 iven to the need for marketing to address both the issue of verifying existing hypotheses, and the requirement to develop new theory. As there appears to be no ideal research method for use in marketing it would seem that what is important is being critically aware of the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches available. Finally, therefore, the notion of pluralism, or methodological triangulation, is explored as such an approach is often used to exploit the strengths and minimise weaknesses in research design through the combination of two or more research methods, often from opposing theoretical paradigms. Basic differences between quantitative and qualitative research Qualitative research can be defined as: â€Å"†¦the collection, analysis and interpretation of data that cannot be meaningfully quantified, that is, summarised in the form of numbers. † (Parasuraman et al, 2004: p. 195) Whereas quantitative research can be defined as: â€Å"†¦the collection of data that involves larger, more representative respondent samples and the numerical calculation of results. † (Parasuraman et al, 2004: p. 195) Historically it has been considered that science based disciplines such as mathematics and physics are especially suited to quantitative research methods. Such methods are considered to be objective and lead to numerical, absolute outcomes, which can be verified through repetition and further testing (Zikmund, 2000); in other words the knowledge is external to the knower (Milliken, 2001), and therefore is available be found by whoever conducts the necessary research (Cunningham, 1999). This view of natural science can be considered to fit within the positivist paradigm, where a paradigm can be thought of as theoretical framework for looking at a situation and a basis upon which phenomena can be analysed and interpreted Page 2 of 2 (Gill and Johnson, 2002). Kuhn (1970) supports the need for paradigms on the basis that they bind disciplines together, and without them there would be no valid position from which to undertake research. Deshpande (1983) suggests that the acceptance of a particular theoretical aradigm is typically followed by a choice of a specific set of research methods that appear to fit within it. This is perhaps exemplified by the significant use of laboratory experiments in pure scientific disciplines. Within the social sciences however there has been a long-standing debate surrounding which philosophical standpoint, or paradigm, it is appropriate for research methods to be derived from (Milliken, 2001). Cohen et al (2000) consider there to be two m ajor, apparently contradictory, views relating to how research should be conducted within social science. The first aligns social science with natural science and therefore implies that research in the field should be directed towards the search for universal laws which regulate individual social behaviour. The second focuses on the human element of social science research, with recognition of the notion that people are not inanimate objects and therefore cannot be treated as such. Aligning social science with natural science arguably implies that data collection and analysis is best performed from a positivist standpoint. As research methods favoured by positivists tend towards those reliant on quantification (Gill and Johnson, 2002), it would follow that in management research the focus should be on quantitative research methods. Research conducted from the positivist viewpoint is usually considered to be reductionist in nature, and is often termed hypothetico-deductive, as it aims to derive a result in relation to a predefined hypothesis (Zikmund, 2000). Conversely, an approach to research which embraces human individuality and places emphasis on how people perceive and give meaning to their own Page 3 of 3 socially created world, can be considered constructivist (Hunt, 1994), and phenomenological (Gill and Johnson, 2002). The focus from this standpoint is therefore on understanding, interpreting and building theory rather than objectively testing, deducing and verifying an existing hypothesis. Such an approach can be considered inductive in nature and therefore favours the adoption of qualitative research methods. ollows: â€Å"†¦the most telling and fundamental distinction between the paradigms is on the dimension of verification versus discovery†¦quantitative methods have been developed most directly for the task of verifying or confirming theories and†¦qualitative methods were purposely developed for the task of discovering or generating theories. † (Reichardt and Cook, 1979: cited in Deshpande, 1983: p. 105 ) This can be explained further as At the extreme of the inductive spectrum lies the concept of grounded theory developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967). Here the researcher builds theory based entirely on the data obtained in a particular study without the influence of predetermined knowledge or preconceived hypotheses. Taking deduction to the extreme hypotheses can only ever be tested, raising the question of how it is possible to obtain a hypothesis in the first place. This presents a number of dilemmas with regard to research in the field of management, including whether it is more appropriate to test existing hypotheses or to develop new theory. The theory-testing versus theory-generation debate is particularly significant in the field of marketing as, due to the relative youth of the discipline, marketers are faced with the challenge of both obtaining and maintaining respect and credibility for the work that has been done so far (Bartels, 1983); and continuing to generate theory needed to develop a coherent, holistic body of knowledge which will clear up marketing’s existing â€Å"theory mess† (Gummesson, 2002: p. 349). Page 4 of 4 Development of research in the field of marketing The discipline of marketing, which came about as a departure from economics not long after 1900, originally had no identity of its own. There was no predetermined framework for its development, nor any real expectation of what it should, or could, become (Bartels, 1983). The way the discipline started to develop however led to a belief that it had â€Å"†¦meritorious scientific character† (Bartels, 1983: p. 34), which subsequently influenced ideas about the way in which credible research in the field should be conducted. Consequently approaches to research in marketing have historically been dominated by deductive processes (Hyde, 2000). Milliken (2001) supports this with the observation that within the marketing literature there has been little attention paid to qualitative research. If marketing was universally accepted to be akin to a pure science then this may be an acceptable situation. It has been suggested however that, rather than being a science, marketing is actually an art which belongs both to the world of business and the school of humanities (Halliday, 1999). It was noted by Deshpande (1983) that in the early 1980s there were only four major textbooks dealing with the metatheoretical issues in marketing, and it can therefore be understood that â€Å"†¦self conscious reflection on theory construction in marketing is of fairly recent origin. † (p. 104). Peter (1982), supported by Deshpande (1983), argues that the dominant philosophical approach applied in marketing is that of logical empiricism. Such a positivist approach forces a â€Å"†¦search for causality and the assumption of determinism† (Hunt, 1994: p. 7), which directs those conducting marketing research towards hypotheticodeductive methods for the verification of existing theories rather than development of new ones. Page 5 of 5 Goulding (1999) suggests that the popularity of the positivist paradigm may be down to the more transparent rules which it projects with regard to the basis of hypotheses and their testing, resulting in a clearer picture of what is a ccepted to be known and what remains unknown or untested. As marketing is a relatively young discipline, quantitative methods have therefore been regularly favoured over qualitative methods in an attempt to establish credibility and respectability (Bartels, 1983). Bass (1993) unreservedly supports quantitative research and the scientific view of marketing, on the basis of the need to make general laws and principles which can be widely applied. To emphasise his position further Bass (1993) repeatedly refers to the discipline as not as â€Å"marketing† but as â€Å"marketing science†. Despite this apparent favouritism of qualitative research, for establishing integrity and credence, it has been suggested that marketing as a discipline has failed to develop a coherent theoretical foundation due to the inappropriate selection and use of methods within the framework of logical empiricism (Leone and Schultz, 1980). criticises how qualitative research is implemented. Gummesson (2001) also He questions whether or not it is ppropriate to make a jump from a subjective answer given by a person, perhaps in the form of a questionnaire response, to hard facts about the population being studied, and furthermore if a model being selected for use in marketing research can be an appropriate proxy for the particular situation being studied. Gummesson (2001) instead advocates an interactive approach to research in marketing based on â€Å"†¦a humanistic, hermeneutic and phenomenological paradigm. (p. 40). Deshpande (1983) is in agreement with this and proposes that, rather th at the incorrectly using quantitative research methods, the shortfall in theory development in the field may lie in the inappropriate adoption of a quantitative paradigm where a qualitative one would be more appropriate: â€Å"If we ignore the qualitative paradigm, we also by definition exclude the principal systematic means of theory generation. † (Deshpande, 1983: p. 106) Page 6 of 6 The dominance of logical empiricism in marketing has therefore been seen as potentially detrimental to the discipline, because the successful development of an appropriate holistic and sound body of theory is necessary for the credibility of the field in both management and academe (Bartels, 1983). Hunt (1994) however observes that scholars in the field of marketing, particularly those reviewing papers for publication in academic journals, may themselves be responsible for the lack of theory generation by being over critical when reviewing the work of those who attempt to make an original contribution. According to Gummesson (2001) this behaviour reinforces the belief that to build a publications record, and a respectable reputation, marketers are being encouraged to test existing theory using quantitative methods rather than generate theory through qualitative investigation. This, it has been suggested, has resulted in there being no development in general management marketing theory over recent decades, leaving marketing as an array of disjointed theories and ideas founded on arguably obsolete principles Gummesson (2001). The lack of credibility given to qualitative research techniques in marketing from the academic perspective does however appear somewhat ironic given that such methods are widely adopted in marketing research in industry (Deshpande, 1983). Although it may appear that qualitative marketing research is a relatively recent revelation, Deshpande (1983) argues that this is not the case. He observes that there was significant interest in the topic in the 1950s and 1960s. In the early 1980s, Fern (1982) suggested that the reason one specific qualitative technique, focus groups, had failed to gain prominence was a lack of empirical testing, which would allow the theory development necessary to acquire credibility. In other words a qualitative technique struggled to generate recognition because it could not satisfy the positivistic evaluation criteria needed to do so. This is perhaps indicative of the historical power of positivism in marketing academia in determining what can be accepted as credible Page 7 of 7 nd what cannot, regardless of whether or not techniques are accepted in the commercial environment. Malhotra and Peterson (2001) suggest that for marketing to move forward in the twenty-first century it is necessary to bridge the gap between the academic and commercial positions. There is evidence of increasing acceptance of qualitative methods in marketing research, especially in managing research as the marketplace evolves. For example Kozinet z (2002) developed â€Å"netnography† as a technique for gaining insight into online communities based on a combination of the principles of ethnography and focus groups. Quantitative techniques it would appear still have their place in marketing research too, despite the criticisms levelled at them. The SERVQUAL questionnaire for example, originally developed by Parasuraman et al (1988), relies on the collection of data which can be statistically manipulated to determine levels of service quality. Notwithstanding the substantial criticism it has received (see Buttle, 1996), it is still being used in marketing research today (see e. g. DeMoranville and Bienstock, 2003). What it would consequently appear important to recognise is that both quantitative and qualitative methods have their place in marketing research; neither is sufficient on its own, and there is potentially for significant advances to be made if marketing researchers acknowledge this (Deshpande, 1983). Triangulation and methodological pluralism There is a place in marketing research for both qualitative and quantitative research. There is also a significant risk that overly staunch advocates of a single paradigm will forego the quality of their research by valuing the methodological choice above the aim of the particular Page 8 of 8 study (Bartels, 1983). From a marketing research perspective the importance therefore lies in recognition of the relative advantages and disadvantages of both the qualitative and quantitative research and the understanding of the strengths and weakness of particular methods. Cahill (1996) supports this with the recognition that qualitative and quantitative techniques can be complementary, and Milliken (2001) suggests that the reality of a real research situation demands compromise between the seemingly opposed philosophical standpoints on which the methods are based. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods presents the researcher with an opportunity to compensate for the weakness in each approach. (Deshpande, 1983), and within the field of marketing there appears to be a significant move towards combining qualitative and quantitative research methods (Milliken, 2001). Perry (1998) emphasises the benefit of case study methodology in marketing and suggests that there is no need to consider induction and deduction to be mutually exclusive when selecting a research method. He emphasises that realism is the most appropriate paradigm from which to undertake marketing research as it allows the building of new theory whilst incorporating existing knowledge. Strength in method combination does not necessarily have to include qualitative and quantitative approaches. Hall and Rist (1999) present a marketing study based on the triangulation of purely qualitative research methods including focus groups, observation and document examination. They argue that doing this eliminates the risks of relying on a single method and therefore enhances research quality and strengthens the credibility of qualitative techniques. Page 9 of 9 Methodological pluralism, whilst appearing to offer reconciliation between opposing theoretical paradigms in relation to research method choice, does itself introduce debate and criticism. Gill and Johnson (2002) for example note that embracing realism can be seen as accepting positivism at the cost of phenomenology as it may involve the †¦operationalization and measurement of social reality (stimuli) and action (response)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 170). Consequently, combining research methods can itself become part of the argument rather than a solution. Conclusion The decision of whether to adopt qualitative or quantitative methods in management research historically appears to be based on the philosophical assumptions upheld by the individual researcher or the discipline in which he or she is work ing. A paradigmatic dichotomy between positivism and phenomenology (or constructivism) would seem to have resulted in a situation where, in some instances, the research methodology choice is deemed more significant than the subject of the particular study. Marketing is a relatively young discipline within the field of management and, as such, is faced with the challenge of obtaining and maintaining credibility. To do this it has been proposed that it needs to both test existing theory and generate new theory, however the processes required to achieve these two goals can be seem to stem from diametrically opposed paradigms: theory-testing being achievable through deductive methods; and theory generation relying on an inductive approach. This incommensurability has however been challenged with the assertion that what is important is selecting an appropriate methodology for a particular study, rather than fitting a Page 10 of 10 study to a method. Methodological triangulation has been suggested as a means of achieving this, with a move towards a paradigm of realism where the relative advantages and disadvantages of a number of research methods can be embraced. Whilst at face value this approach may appear to offer a compromise offering the best practical solution to the methodological choice dispute, it also introduces criticism of its own which, in turn fuels the debate further. The general aim of this discussion, to consider the differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods, has itself been conducted from an ostensibly positivistic standpoint. In fact any discussion, comparison or assessment of research methods is arguably starting from a predetermined premise that an objective evaluation is being undertaken (Gill and Johnson, 2002), and can therefore be seen to be embracing positivist ideals. Taking into account the amount of attention that has been paid to philosophical approaches to management research; the ambiguities that are apparent; the ongoing search for the most suitable and appropriate means for conducting studies; and the motivation to establish and maintain credibility, it would seem unlikely that end to the debate regarding research methods in management is in sight: â€Å"Like the earth being round, thus lacking a natural end, the journey in Methodologyland has no end. You search again and again and again, just as the term says: re-search, re-search, re-search. (Gummesson, 2001: p. 29) Page 11 of 11 References Bartels, R. (1983), â€Å"Is marketing defaulting its responsibilities? †, Journal of Marketing, 47(4), pp. 32-35 Bass, F. M. (1993), â€Å"The future of research in marketing: Marketing Science†, Journal of Marketing Research, 30(1), pp. 1-6 Buttle, F. (1996), â€Å"SERVQUAL: review, critique, research agenda†, European Journal o f Marketing, 30(1), pp. 8-32 Cahill, D. J. (1996), â€Å"When to use qualitative methods: a new approach†, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 14(6), pp. 16-20 Cohen, L. , Manion, L. and Morr, K. 2000), Research Methods in Education, 5th Edition, Routledge: London Cunningham, A. C. (1999), â€Å"Commentary confessions of a reflective practitioner: meeting the challenges of marketing’s destruction†, European Journal of Marketing, 33(7/8), pp. 685-697 DeMoranville, C. W. and Bienstock, C. C. (2003), â€Å"Question order effects in measuring service quality†, International Journal of research in Marketing, 20(3), pp. 217-231 Deshpande, R. (1983), â€Å"Paradigms Lost: On theory and method in research in marketing†, Journal of Marketing, 47(4), pp. 101-110 Fern, E. F. 1982), â€Å"The use of focus groups for idea generation: the effects of group size, acquaintanceship, and moderator on response quantity and quality†, Journal of Marketing Research , 19(1), pp. 1-13 Gill, J. and Johnson, P. (2002), Research Methods For Mangers, 3rd Edition, London: SAGE Publications Ltd Glaser, B. G. and Strauss, A. L. (1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, Aldine Publishing Company: Chicago Goulding, C. (1999), â€Å"Consumer research, interpretive paradigms and methodological ambiguities†, European Journal of Marketing, 33(9/10), pp. 59-873 Gummesson, E. (2001), â€Å"Are current research approaches in marketing leading us astray? †, Marketing Theory, 1(1), pp. 27-48 Gummesson, E. (2002), â€Å"Practical value of adequate marketing management theory†, European Journal of Marketing, 36(3), pp. 325-349 Hall, A. L. and Rist, R. C. (1999), â€Å"Integrating multiple qualitative research methods (or avoiding the precariousness of a one-legged stool)†, Psychology & Marketing, 16(4), pp. 291304 Page 12 of 12 Halliday, S. 1999), â€Å"I don’t know much about art, but I know what I like: resonance, relevance and illumination as assessment criteria for marketing research and scholarship†, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 17(7), pp. 345-362 Hunt, S. D. (1994), â€Å"On rethinking marketing: Our discipline, our practice, our methods†, European Journal of Marketing, 28(3), pp. 13-25 Hyde, K. F. (2000), â€Å"Recognising deductive processes in qualitative research†, Qualitative Market Research, 3(2), pp. 82-90 Kozinets, R. V. (2002), â€Å"The field behind the screen: Using Netnography for marketing research in online communities†, Journal of Marketing Research, 39(1), pp. 1-72 Kuhn, T. S. (1970), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd Edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Leone, R. P. and Schultz, R. L. (1980), â€Å"A study of marketing generalizations†, Journal of Marketing, 44(1), pp. 10-18 Malhotra, N. K. and Birks, D. F. (2000), Marketing Research: An Applied Approach, 3rd European Edition, Harlow, Engl and: Financial Times Prentice Hall Malhotra, N. K. and Peterson, M. (2001), â€Å"Marketing research in the new millennium: emerging issues and trends†, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 19(4), pp. 16-235 Milliken, J. (2001), â€Å"Qualitative research and marketing management†, Management Decision, 39(1), pp. 71-77 Parasuraman, A. , Grewal, D. and Krishnan, R. (2004), Maketing Research, Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company Parasuraman, A. , Zeithaml, V. A. and Berry, L. L. (1988), â€Å"SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumers perceptions of service quality†, Journal of Retailing, 64(1), pp. 12-40 Perry, C. (1998), â€Å"Process of a case study methodology for postgraduate research in marketing†, 32(9/10), pp. 785-802 Peter, J. P. 1982), â€Å"Current issues in the philosophy of science: Implications for marketing theory – a panel discussion†, in Marketing Theory: Philosophy of Science Perspectives, Bush, R. F. and Hunt, S. D. (eds. ), Chicago, American Marketing, pp. 11-16 Reichardt, C. S. and Cook, T. D. (1979), â€Å"Beyond qualitative versus quantitative methods†, in Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Evaluation Research, Cook, T. D and Reichardt, (eds. ) Beverley Hills, CA: Sage Zikmund, W. G. (2000), Business Research Methods, 6th Edition, Orlando, USA: The Dryden Press, Harcourt College Publishers Page 13 of 13